Objective: To investigate the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on body height and blood lipid of children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and idiopathic short stature (ISS). Methods: 37 children with GHD and 35 children with ISS were all treated with rhGH subcutaneous injection regularly. All the children were followed up every 3 months for 12 months, body height and blood lipid were measured during follow-up. Results: After treatment, the body height of GHD children and ISS children were all significantly higher than that before treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, the total cholesterol and triglyceride of GHD children and ISS children after treatment had no significant differences compared with that before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the high-density lipoprotein of GHD children and ISS children were significantly higher than that before treatment, while the low-density lipoprotein were significantly lower (P<0.05). Conclusions: rhGH treatment can significantly improve the body height and blood lipid indexes of GHD and ISS children, so it is worthy of clinical application.