Objective To screen key genes and pathways associated with tumorigenesis and progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by using bioinformatics analysis. Methods Two gene expression profilings containing TNBC (GSE76124) and normal mammary (GSE112825) tissue samples were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). R software was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Gene Ontology (GO) function analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were further performed by DAVID. STRING and Cytoscape were used to construct protein-protein interaction(PPI) network. Furthermore, hub genes, core modules and seed genes were screened out. Results A total of 1,091 differentially expressed genes were screened out. The results of GO function analysis and KEGG pathway maps showed that these genes were associated with aromatic compound biosynthetic process, heterocycle biosynthetic process, and mainly enriched on the pathways in cancer and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.We identified 10 hub genes, 2 core modules and 19 seed genes in PPI network. Conclusion A total of 10 hub genes and 19 seed genes were screened, which may play potential roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of TNBC. This study provids a bioinformatic analysis reference for further research.