Objective To explore the mechanism of paeoniflorin in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into the sham group, the chronic Constrictive injury(CCI) group, the MCC950 group and the albiflorin(AF) group, 10 rats in each group. The CCI model was established by CCI surgery. One day after operation, the corresponding drugs were given to each group and the model group was given the same amount of normal saline. The drugs were continuously given to each group until 11 days after operation.The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was measured by electronic Von Frey. The paw withdrawal latency(PWL) was measured by thermal pain stimulator. The caspase-1 activity was measured by caspase-1 activity assay kit. The IL-1β concentration was measured by ELISA kit. Results Compared with the CCI group, the PWT and PWL of AF group were significantly increased (P<0.001, P<0.01). NLRP3 level, Caspase-1 activity and IL-1β content were significantly decreased (P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.05). Conclusion Albiflorin can effectively relieve neuropathic pain by controlling NLRP3 in spinal cord.